Lecture 4: Jordan Canonical Forms
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چکیده
This lecture introduces the Jordan canonical form of a matrix — we prove that every square matrix is equivalent to a (essentially) unique Jordan matrix and we give a method to derive the latter. We also introduce the notion of minimal polynomial and we point out how to obtain it from the Jordan canonical form. Finally, we make an encounter with companion matrices. 1 Jordan form and an application Definition 1. A Jordan block is a matrix of the form J 1 (λ) = λ ∈ C when k = 1 and J k (λ) = λ 1 0 · · · 0 0 λ 1 0. .. k when k ≥ 2.
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Any linear transformation can be represented by its matrix representation. In an ideal situation, all linear operators can be represented by a diagonal matrix. However, in the real world, there exist many linear operators that are not diagonalizable. This gives rise to the need for developing a system to provide a beautiful matrix representation for a linear operator that is not diagonalizable....
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The idea for nding a basis relates to the proof of why a Jordan canonical form exists. What we seek to do is nd a largest possible set of chains (or cycles) of the form {x, (T −λkI)(x), . . . , (T −λkI)(x)} which are linearly independent. By the proof of Jordan canonical form, the number and lengths of these chains can be found from the numbers d0, . . . , d`k . Indeed, let λ = λk be a xed eige...
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